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Item Open Access Oil Production(Suleyman Demirel University, 2012) A. MukhamedovThis study explores the global and Kazakhstani oil industry, including the history of oil use, major discoveries, production methods, and the potential implications of peak oil. It examines the role of petroleum as a critical energy source and raw material, highlighting major oil reserves worldwide and key players in Kazakhstan’s oil sector, particularly Tengizchevroil and KazMunayGas. The paper also addresses the environmental and economic aspects of oil production and its contribution to national and global development.Item Open Access Expectations and Their Role in the Economy(Suleyman Demirel University, 2007) Chagirov DaurenExpectations play a fundamental role in shaping economic behavior and outcomes. Since individuals and businesses cannot predict the future with certainty, they form expectations regarding future prices, income, investment returns, and government policies. These expectations influence consumption, saving, investment, and policy effectiveness. The paper explores the economic significance of expectations through three main dimensions: consumption and expectations, investment and expectations, and the role of expectations in public policy. Theories by Milton Friedman and Franco Modigliani are discussed, emphasizing the permanent income and life-cycle hypotheses, as well as the concept of rational expectations introduced by John F. Muth. The analysis shows that economic outcomes often depend on how individuals and firms interpret and react to information about the future, highlighting that accurate and stable expectations are crucial for achieving sustainable growth and effective macroeconomic policy.Item Open Access test(2025) test1Item Open Access test(2025) testItem Open Access test(2025) testItem Open Access test(SDU University, 2024) testItem Open Access test123(SDU University, 2024) test123