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THE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION ON TRANSITIONAL ECONOMIES AND THE ACTIONS ADOPTED TO MEET THE CHALLENGE OF ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION, THE CASE OF KAZAKHSTAN
(The Kazakh National University Named After Al -Farabi and Suleyman Demirel University, 2008) Dakpirtova Dinara
Over the past two decades, the world economy has become increasingly integrated as flows of goods, labor, and capital across countries have expanded rapidly. The developed, the developing or even the transitional countries are all drifting with this trend unexceptionally. Although there is a general belief that globalization has important long-term benefits through its impacts on growth and productivity, it is not practically as global as it may look; some countries are more globalized than others. Such tendencies indicate that within the time span of a single generation, the economies that take more active part in globalization managed to double their real income per head.
TRADE REGULATIONS AND POLICIES IN KAZAKHSTAN
(The Kazakh National University Named After Al -Farabi and Suleyman Demirel University, 2008) Imenova Raina
Successful foreign trade is an important factor which has determined the economic growth over the last years. Favorable market environment, specifically high world prices for Kazakhstan's major export goods such as hydrocarbons, ferrous and non-ferrous metals led to increased volume of exports and, even to a greater extent, of export revenues making a substantial contribution to economic growth. Until now (at the moment economic achievements of Russia are becoming more and more evident) Kazakhstan used to be an indisputable leader among the former Soviet Republics in many aspects of economic system reform and macroeconomic parameters of development achieved as a result of this reform. However, economic growth is not an end in itself and the state should not aim to achieve it at any price. While developing an adequate policy of economic growth one must take into account a number of important factors.
PROGRESS TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE FOR TOURISM AND ECONOMIC GROWTH
(The Kazakh National University Named After Al -Farabi and Suleyman Demirel University, 2008) Oskenbayev Yessengali
Since the late 1980s, sustainable developmen bas become a buzzword in development studies in general and in tourism research in particular. However, a literature review led the author of this paper to the belief that the "muddy pool" (Harrison, 1996) of debate on sustainable tourism is patchy, disjointed and at times flawed. Indeed, "little appears to have been written, in depth, on the meaning and implications of sustainable tourism development" (Hunter&Green, 1995:69).Most research had advanced little beyond the stage of formulating and discussing various principles and assumptions' (Komilis, 1994:65); while the case studies which explore the ways of applying sustainable principles to practice, often through small eco- or alternative tourism projects, provide at best a micro solution to what is essentially a macro problem (Wheeller, 1991: 93).
TRADE AGREEMENTS AND THEIR IMPORTANCE TO KAZAKHSTAN
(The Kazakh National University Named After Al -Farabi and Suleyman Demirel University, 2008) Smirnova Elena
Today every country thinks about increasing efficiency through free trade. Free trade is a system in which the trade of goods and services between or within two or more countries flow unconstrained by govemment-imposed restrictions. Such goverment interventions generally increase costs of goods and services to both consumers and producers. Interventions include taxes and tariffs, non-tariff barriers, such as regulatory legislation and quotas. Free trade opposes all such interventions. One of the strongest arguments for free trade was made by classical economist David Ricardo in his analysis of comparative advantage. Comparative advantage explains how trade will benefit both parties (countries, regions, or individuals) if they have different opportunity costs of production
THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE GLOBALIZATION OF THE WORLD ECONOMY
(The Kazakh National University Named After Al -Farabi and Suleyman Demirel University, 2008) Smirnova Elena
For the last several decades man, countries across the globe have established close contacts. Multinational ideas and cultures circulate more freely. As a result, laws, economies, and social movements are being formed at the interational level. According to capitalist economic theory, a completely liberalized global market is the most efficient way to foster growth, because each country specializes in producing the goods and services in which it has a comparative advantage. Yet, in practice, cutting trade barriers and opening markets do not necessarily generate development. Rich countries and large corporations dominate the global marketplace and create very unequal relations of power and information. As a result, trade is inherently unequal and poor countries seldom experience rising well-being but increasing unemployment, poverty, and income inequality.