3. SDU Bulletin

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Open Access
2008 Yılında Dünyada Resesyon Beklentisi ve Altının Yönü ile İlgili Bir Değerlendirme
(Suleyman Demirel University, 2008) Metin Duyar; Mesut Yılmaz
2000’li yılların başından itibaren hızla büyüyen dünya ekonomisi, 2007’den itibaren ABD kaynaklı finansal sorunlarla karşı karşıya kalarak resesyon sürecine girmiştir. ABD Merkez Bankası’nın (FED) 2001 sonrası uyguladığı agresif faiz indirimleri, konut piyasasında “subprime mortgage” krizi olarak bilinen balonun oluşmasına yol açmıştır. Bu kriz, kısa sürede küresel finans piyasalarına yayılmış, likidite daralması ve doların değer kaybı sonucunda yatırımcı güveni sarsılmıştır. Doların zayıflamasıyla birlikte yatırımcılar güvenli liman olarak altına yönelmiş ve altın fiyatları 2008 başında 1000 dolar/ons seviyesine kadar yükselmiştir. Çalışmada, 2008 küresel ekonomik durgunluğunun nedenleri, ABD’nin ekonomik yapısındaki kırılganlıklar, piyasa riskleri ve yatırımcı davranışları ele alınmıştır. Ayrıca, altının kriz dönemlerinde güvenli yatırım aracı olarak oynadığı rol, dolar-altın ilişkisinin tarihsel seyri ve Mahfi Eğilmez’in değerlendirmeleri ışığında incelenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, küresel ekonomik krizlerin altın fiyatlarını doğrudan etkilediği, altının ekonomik belirsizlik dönemlerinde yatırımcılar için değer koruma aracı olarak ön plana çıktığı vurgulanmaktadır.
Open Access
A BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEM FOR THE GENERALIZED HEAT EQUATION IN THE DOMAIN WITH MOVING BOUNDARY
(СДУ хабаршысы - 2017, 2017) S.A. Kassabek; A.M. Orynbassar
Abstract. Method to solve the problem for heat equation for solid with variable cross-section with moving boundary is based on use degenerate hypergeometric function. Solution of problem is a linear combination degenerate hypergeometric function. The main idea of this method is to find coefficients and prove the convergence of series.Consider the surface generated by revolution of a curve r  y(z,t) about z - axes. Let us assume that the radial component of the temperature gradient in the solid bounded by above surface is negligible in comparison with the axial component, i.e. the solid can be considered as a bar with a variable cross – section that has only axial component of heat flux.
Open Access
A Method of Computer-Based Chemistry Instruction: Construction of Concept Maps
(Suleyman Demirel University, 2007) Satılmış Yılmaz
This study discusses the use of computer-based concept map construction as an instructional method in chemistry education. Concepts in chemistry are often abstract and difficult for students to understand through traditional teaching methods. Concept maps provide a visual and organized way to represent relationships between ideas, helping learners develop meaningful understanding. When supported by computer technologies, concept map construction becomes more interactive, motivating, and cooperative. Students actively search for key concepts, create meaningful connections, and organize information visually. This approach aligns with student-centered learning, encouraging research, discussion, and collaboration. Computer-assisted concept mapping also improves communication between students and teachers and can be used for review, assessment, and practice. The method strengthens research skills, critical thinking, and creativity. Therefore, integrating computers into chemistry lessons through concept map construction can support deeper conceptual understanding and enhance overall learning outcomes in secondary-school chemistry education.
Open Access
A PROFESSION RECOMMENDER SYSTEM BASED ON DEEP LEARNING AND MACHINE LEARNING APPROACHES
(СДУ хабаршысы - 2023, 2023) Iskalinov F.
Abstract. The issue of uncertain career path choice among modern schoolchildren has become increasingly prominent, resulting in a substantial decrease in the number of university students. This uncertainty has become a major concern as students and their parents are often unfamiliar with the wide range of available professions, particularly those that have emerged in the last decade. A modern solution is proposed in the form of a web application that uses Deep Learning, Machine Learning, and NLP to recommend suitable specialties based on the competencies required for the profession. The system will analyze and extract implicit features through a supervised classification approach, providing a comprehensive solution for profession search in the Kazakhstan market.
Open Access
A Short Look at Theories on International Economics, and Growth Scenario for Kazakhstan under Modern Theories
(Süleyman Demirel University, 2007) Nurettin Can'
This paper explores the evolution of international economic thought and applies it to Kazakhstan’s transition from a socialist to a market-based economy. It begins by outlining the two main branches of international economics—international trade theory and international finance—and explains their relevance to global economic relations. The study then examines how international economic relations were organized under socialism, emphasizing the role of central planning, state monopolies in trade, and the use of the material balance method. The inefficiencies of the socialist system, including non-convertible currencies, distorted prices, and limited trade integration, are analyzed as key barriers to international economic participation. In contrast, classical and modern market-based trade theories—such as those of Smith, Ricardo, and Heckscher-Ohlin—are reviewed to highlight the principles of comparative advantage and factor endowment. These theoretical perspectives are used to frame Kazakhstan’s economic transformation and its integration into the global market. The article concludes that Kazakhstan’s sustainable growth depends on aligning its economic structure with modern trade dynamics and strengthening its institutional and market mechanisms.
Open Access
A Survey on Multimodal Approaches for Lung Disease Diagnosis using Deep Learning
(SDU University, 2025) Zhaniya Medeuova
Lung disorders are a major global health issue. A quick and accurate diagnosis is essential for proper treatment. In order to increase diagnostic accuracy, recent multimodal techniques are gaining popularity. This study carried out a comprehensive analysis of research articles on multimodal approaches that were published between 2020 and 2024 in Scopus and Google Scholar. The results show that there is limited study on the multimodal approach and on a variety of lung disorders such as asthma, TB, pneumonia, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Several studies concentrated mainly on the detection and binary classification of COVID-19. The field has several challenges, including limited datasets, high computing costs, difficulties in integrating multiple modalities, and lack of accessibility of the models. Future studies should look at a wider range of lung diseases, increase the accessibility of datasets, improve fusion methods for merging data from many sources, and create models that are easier to understand and use fewer resources. Resolving these issues will improve patient outcomes by advancing the real-world use of deep learning in medical diagnosis.
Open Access
Abai and His Relations with Western Literature
(Süleyman Demirel University, 2007) Haldun Vural
This paper explores the life, philosophy, and literary contributions of Abai Kunanbayev, one of Kazakhstan’s greatest poets and thinkers, emphasizing his intellectual connections with both Eastern and Western literary traditions. Educated in Arabic, Persian, and Russian, Abai mastered classical Eastern poetry while also engaging deeply with the works of Western and Russian writers such as Pushkin, Lermontov, Tolstoy, Byron, and Goethe. His writings reflect a synthesis of spiritual depth and rational humanism, aiming to elevate human morality, intellect, and harmony with nature. Abai’s “Nature Lyrics,” including poems like Summer (1886) and Winter (1888), introduced new metaphoric and realistic dimensions to Kazakh poetry. Through his unique philosophical insight, Abai became the first to introduce philosophical reflection into Kazakh verse, merging the moral wisdom of the East with the humanistic ideals of the West. His works represent a bridge between cultures and a call for universal understanding, positioning him as a central figure in world literature.
Open Access
ACCOUNTING OUTSOURCING SERVICES FROM THE PERSPECTIVES OF TRANSACTION COST ECONOMIES: A STUDY IN KAZAKHSTAN
(SDU University, 2023) Araylim Rakhymberdi; Zhansaya Zhengis
The purpose of this study is to understand the effects of accounting outsourcing services on transaction costs and operating expenses of SMEs in Kazakhstan. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data from people who either work for an accounting outsourcing firm or a firm that receives accounting outsourcing services. Thematic analysis’ results reveal that accounting outsourcing services would benefit firms basically in two aspects. They are operational cost savings and digitalization. Besides, risks associated with accounting outsourcing services have been revealed such as the dissemination of confidential information. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Finally, limitations and directions for future research are also presented.
Open Access
ANALYSIS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF EXPORT TRADE IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN
(СДУ хабаршысы - 2017, 2017) Sabyr U.N.
Abstract. Kazakhstan has embarked on an ambitious diversification program, aimed at developing targeted sectors like transport, pharmaceuticals, telecommunications, petrochemicals and food processing. In 2010 Kazakhstan joined the Belarus-Kazakhstan-Russia Customs Union in an effort to boost foreign investment and improve trade relationships. The Customs Union evolved into the Eurasian Economic Union in January 2015. During 2014, Kazakhstan’s economy was hampered by Russia’s slowing economy, the weakening ruble, falling oil prices, and problems at its Kashagan oil field. Kazakhstan devalued its currency, the tenge, by 19 percent in February and in November the government announced a stimulus package to cope with the economic challenges. This article describes the general position of Kazakhstan in export trade. For this, a descriptive analysis of the data is used based on the areas of economic development of Kazakhstan already studied. The common goal is to identify the reasons and solutions to the problems at this stage of the economy development, as well as the forecast for the next five years.
Open Access
APPLICATION OF CLIL IN MATHEMATICS LESSONS FOR IMPROVING STUDENTS’MOTIVATION
(СДУ хабаршысы - 2017, 2017) Nurzhan R. ; Ashirimbetova M.
Abstract. CLIL model has proved its effectiveness in teaching language and content. And also it plays one of the major roles in increasing students’ motivation. The research into the benefits of teaching mathematics in English to Kazakh students refers to the following domains: the development of students’ cognitive skills for both mathematics and English, the relationship of the two disciplines and its impact on learning and teaching. Thus, the current article dwells upon the procedure and the results of an experiment conducted with application of CLIL method for Mathematics lessons aimed at improving students’ motivation.
Open Access
BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES OF PEER ASSESSMENT IN HIGHER EDUCATION: A COMPREHENSIVE LITERATURE REVIEW
(SDU University, 2025) Amina Aisarova; Aizhan Amangazina
Peer assessment has been described as a collaborative method of assessment that promotes active and reflective learning. It is particularly useful in the higher educational context since university students are required to be involved in more autonomous and student-centered activities. Therefore, university instructors should consider alternative forms of assessment. However, peer assessment is often neglected by instructors, and students are not prepared to employ peer practices. The aim of the current literature review is to analyze the previous studies on peer assessment in higher education. Particularly, it will describe the reasons for using peer assessment, its forms, and the benefits and challenges of employing peer assessment in higher education. Therefore, the findings will raise the awareness of teachers and students regarding the advantages and limitations of peer assessment techniques. To achieve this goal, the review of 30 articles, which were related to the implementation of peer assessment in higher education is presented. The articles were selected from various databases, namely Google Scholar, ERIC, and JSTOR, between the years 2015 and 2024.
Open Access
Bias and Fairness in Automated Loan Approvals: A Systematic Review of Machine Learning Approaches
(SDU University, 2025) Suraiyo Raziyeva; Meraryslan Meraliyev
Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly transforming credit approval processes, enabling financial institutions to assess risk more efficiently and at greater scale. As these systems become more embedded in lending decisions, concerns around fairness, bias, and accountability have grown significantly. Many of these concerns stem from the use of historical data, proxy variables, and model optimization choices that can unintentionally reinforce existing social and economic inequalities. This work presents a systematic overview of the types and sources of bias in AI - driven loan approval systems and critically examines how machine learning techniques attempt to address them. It also highlights emerging solutions, including explainable AI, federated learning, human-in-the-loop frameworks, and intersectional fairness approaches. Despite ongoing advancements, unresolved challenges remain - particularly the need for dynamic fairness monitoring and for addressing intersectional biases affecting individuals from multiple marginalized groups. To bridge these gaps, the paper emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration among AI developers, regulatory bodies, and social scientists. It advocates embedding fairness as a core design principle in the development and deployment of future AI systems. Overall, this study contributes to the growing effort to develop more transparent, inclusive, and socially responsible financial technologies.
Open Access
Bluetooth Scatternet Formation Algorithms
(Suleyman Demirel University, 2007) Sain Saginbekov
Bluetooth is a short-range, low-power wireless communication technology used to connect personal and industrial devices. A basic Bluetooth network, called a piconet, can include one master device and up to seven slaves. When the number of Bluetooth devices becomes larger, multiple piconets can be linked together to form a scatternet, where some devices act as bridges between piconets. However, the official Bluetooth standard does not specify how scatternets should be formed. As a result, scatternet formation remains an open research problem. Many algorithms have been proposed to construct scatternets, each focusing on different goals such as reducing delay, improving data throughput, or saving energy. This paper reviews several well-known scatternet formation algorithms, including tree-based, ring-based, and clustering approaches. The study highlights key design differences and discusses how devices are assigned master or slave roles, how bridges are selected, and how multiple piconets are connected into a larger network.
Open Access
Büyük Güçlerin Kıskacında Türkiye – Kırgızistan İlişkileri (Kırgızistan Örneği)
(Suleyman Demirel University, 2008) İskender Ormon uulu
Avrasya’nın kalbinde yer alan Orta Asya, coğrafi ve tarihî önemi nedeniyle uzun yıllar boyunca büyük güçlerin hâkimiyet kurmak istediği stratejik bir bölge olmuştur. Tarih boyunca Cengiz Han ve Timur gibi büyük imparatorluklara ev sahipliği yapan bu bölge, daha sonra Rus İmparatorluğu’nun yayılma alanına dönüşmüştür. Sovyet döneminin ardından yapay sınırlar çizilmiş, yeni ulusal kimlikler oluşturularak bölgenin siyasî yapısı yeniden şekillendirilmiştir. 1991’de SSCB’nin dağılmasının ardından Türkiye, bağımsızlığını yeni kazanan Orta Asya Türk Cumhuriyetleriyle, özellikle Kırgızistan ile hızlı bir şekilde diplomatik ve ekonomik ilişkiler kurmuştur. Türkiye, Kırgızistan’ı tanıyan ilk ülke olmuş ve iki ülke arasında siyaset, eğitim ve ticaret alanlarında önemli işbirlikleri geliştirilmiştir. Bu çalışma, Türkiye–Kırgızistan ilişkilerinin tarihî, siyasî ve ekonomik dinamiklerini büyük güçler arasındaki bölgesel rekabet bağlamında incelemektedir.
Open Access
CHALLENGES FACED BY HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS IN PREPARING FOR THE ENGLISH EXAM AT UNT IN KAZAKHSTAN
(SDU University, 2025) Aigerim Anuarbekova; Mehmet Ali Yaylacı
This study examines some primary challenges faced by 11th-grade students at Dostyq School in Kazakhstan as they get ready for the English section of the Unified National Testing (UNT). From semi-structured interviews of 15 students, a few themes that recurred emerged. Participants reported many difficulties with vocabulary acquisition, reading comprehension, and grammar, which they identified as definite barriers to achieving high scores. Exam-related stress was also of important concern, with many students expressing feelings of anxiety and pressure leading up to the test. Some students considered preparing for the IELTS exam, with the possibility of converting IELTS scores into UNT points, while feeling unprepared in terms of time and language skills. Many students relied upon external support, such as several private tutors, multiple group courses, or diverse online platforms, including Juz40, EDUCON, KURSANT, and YouTube. However, many people noted that these resources frequently lacked some personalized guidance that they needed. They required this guidance to address their particular weaknesses. Students highlighted the emotional strain from parental expectations, in addition to academic challenges. These findings suggest a need for much more accessible as well as tailored preparatory materials, in addition to stronger emotional together with motivational support systems that better equip students for the demands of the English UNT.
Open Access
CODE-SWITCHING IN DIALOGUES AMONG YOUNG INDIVIDUALS FROM KAZAKHSTAN
(SDU University, 2023) Myrzabek A.; Amangazina A.; Moldagaliyeva I.
This research investigates the varieties and communicative purposes of codeswitching (CS) among the youth demographic in Kazakhstan. Centered around specific research questions, the researchers investigate the complex dynamics of CS within Kazakhstan's bilingual environment. Four young individuals studying abroad participated in a focus group interview, and the results showed a range of code-switching occurrences, from intra-sentential to tag-switching, and differing levels of ability to switch codes. There are various reasons why people switch codes, such as habit or choosing the best language for a conversation. Findings were discussed with a focus on the expressive and referential functions observed among young Kazakh adults. The comfort level of speakers in a given language and audience familiarity are factors that affect code- switching. The paper acknowledges its limits and proposes directions for future investigation, promoting the examination of other factors that may impact code - switching among young Kazakh adults.
Open Access
Corruption and Economic Growth in Developing Countries
(Suleyman Demirel University, 2007) Yessengali Oskenbayev
This paper examines the relationship between corruption and economic growth in developing countries. While traditional growth models, such as the Solow model and later extensions that include human capital, emphasize productivity, education, and investment, they often overlook the influence of cultural values on economic development. The study argues that corruption is not merely an economic or institutional issue, but one rooted in cultural and social norms. Building on work by Hall and Jones, the research proposes that differences in growth outcomes are linked to variations in social infrastructure, which is shaped by cultural factors including religion, language, and ethnic composition. Using ethnolinguistic fractionalization indices as instrumental variables, the study seeks to identify how culture affects government policy quality and corruption levels, which in turn impact productivity and output per capita. The paper concludes that combating corruption requires not only institutional reforms but also long-term cultural change.
Open Access
DETECTING SOCIAL CONFLICTS IN KINDERGARTENS USING DEEPLEARNING AND COMPUTER VISION
(SDU University, 2025) Dina Kengesbay
Early conflict detection in kindergartens plays a significant role in ensuring a harmonious learningatmosphere and in promoting the social growth of young children. While most previous works have onlyaddressed conflict detection through adults, in this paper, we specifically address conflict detection inkindergartens using deep learning, utilizing both spatial and temporal information to improve performance.The application of deep learning and computer vision in automatically detecting and analyzing earlyconflicts among young children is discussed in this paper. Using video footage, we leverage state-of-the-art RNNs and 3D CNNs for high-accuracy detection of conflict instances. Crucial visual cues—facialexpressions, gestures, poses, vocal tone, and movement—are examined for the extraction of tension oraggression signs. The model is evaluated on real kindergarten video data, with promising conflict detectionand classification results. The findings indicate the potential of AI-supported tools in assisting teachers inclass management, child behavior monitoring, early intervention mechanisms, and the fostering of a goodsocial environment.
Open Access
Development of method to analyzefactors of kidney disease by the use of fuzzy logic
(SDU University, 2025) Assel Yembergenova; Azamat Serek; Bauyrzhan Berlikozha
The study introduces a new strategy for the analysis of kidney disease parameters based on fuzzy logic.Fuzzy logic is a more accurate way to categorize clinical parameters than statistical analysis because thereis uncertainty and variability in medical data. The data is comprised of an extensive amount of clinicalparameters including age, blood pressure, specific gravity, albumin, sugar, random blood glucose, bloodurea, serum creatinine, sodium, potassium, hemoglobin, packed cell volume, white blood cell count, andred blood cell count.The methodology utilizes fuzzy logic centroid computation to categorize these parameters into low,medium, and high levels to provide a more dynamic and interpretable assessment of renal health. Fuzzymemberships give the current work the capability to discover intricate interrelationships between clinicalvariables, which may have been otherwise unattainable by conventional mean, median, and standarddeviation-based analyses.The findings confirm that fuzzy logic and conventional statistical methods enhance the comprehensionof kidney disease by incorporating intricate interactions between clinical variables. The method is employedto achieve more accurate prediction and diagnostic models, offering insight to be used in kidney diseaseassessment and medical decisions.
Open Access
Development of sensor systems for floodwater monitoring and alerting
(SDU University, 2025) Adilbek Sarsenov; Lyazzat Ilipbayeva; Ulzhalgas Seidaliyeva
This study addresses the systematic prediction of river water levels in Kazakhstan via hy-drological computations, which are essential for forecasting water-related events and formulatingplans for sustainable water resource management. Particular focus is placed on the significance ofprompt and efficient monitoring of river dynamics to alleviate natural disasters such as floods andmudflows, especially in high-risk places like Almaty, situated in geologically unstable mountainouslandscapes. The research focuses the potential of intelligent sensor-based monitoring systems thatcan gather real-time data on water levels, precipitation, soil moisture, and various environmentalconditions. Systems integrated with artificial intelligence and data analysis can substantiallyaugment decision-making processes, facilitate early warning mechanisms, and boost the precisionof forecasts. This method ultimately protects natural ecosystems and local communities from thedetrimental effects of hydrological hazards