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    Cluster Policy of Development in Kazakhstan
    (Suleyman Demirel University, 2007) Sarsembayeva Aliya
    This paper analyzes the development of cluster policy in Kazakhstan as a key instrument for diversifying the national economy beyond its dependence on oil and gas extraction. Based on Michael Porter’s cluster theory, the study explores how Kazakhstan adopted a cluster-based approach to stimulate competitiveness, innovation, and productivity across non-extractive sectors. The research highlights the formation of seven pilot clusters—tourism, transport and logistics, oil-and-gas machine building, construction materials, food processing, textiles, and metallurgy—and examines three of them in detail: the food industry, tourism, and building materials clusters. Each represents a strategic area aimed at boosting regional development and improving cooperation between business, government, and academia. The paper concludes that while the government has initiated substantial progress in cluster formation, long-term success depends on greater initiative and participation from the private sector.
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    Samruk & Kazyna State Holdings
    (Suleyman Demirel University, 2007) Balgabekov Yeldos; Shamyrkanov Bakyt
    This paper explores the establishment, functions, and economic significance of the “Samruk” State Holding and the “Kazyna” Sustainable Development Fund in Kazakhstan. Formed in 2006, these two institutions were key components of the government’s strategy to modernize and diversify the national economy, enhance corporate governance, and strengthen transparency. “Samruk” manages state assets in strategic sectors, increasing efficiency and profitability of enterprises such as KEGOC, while “Kazyna” coordinates national development institutions to stimulate investment, innovation, and industrial growth. During the 2008 global financial crisis, “Kazyna” played a stabilizing role by financing small and medium enterprises, construction, and industrial diversification projects. The research emphasizes that these holdings have become crucial instruments for sustainable economic growth, technological development, and attraction of foreign investment, aligning Kazakhstan’s development model with international best practices.
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    Oil and Gas Industry Dependence of Kazakhstan’s Budget
    (Suleyman Demirel University, 2007) Yedgenov Baurzhan
    This paper examines the dependence of Kazakhstan’s national budget on the oil and gas industry and the challenges it creates for sustainable economic development. The study analyzes the historical formation of Kazakhstan’s raw material–oriented economy after gaining independence in 1991, highlighting the country’s transition from a planned to a market economy and the dominant role of foreign investment in the extractive sector. Although the oil and gas industry has ensured rapid GDP growth and budget stability, it has also made Kazakhstan highly vulnerable to global price fluctuations. The paper discusses existing government measures such as the establishment of the National Fund and the Industrial-Innovative Development Strategy, while arguing that true diversification requires investment in human capital and education. Drawing parallels with Japan’s post-war economic recovery, the research emphasizes the importance of shifting from resource dependency to a knowledge-based economy. The conclusion presents recommendations for fostering innovation, supporting entrepreneurship, and transforming the national mindset to achieve long-term, independent economic growth.