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Item Open Access Corruption and Economic Growth in Developing Countries(Suleyman Demirel University, 2007) Yessengali OskenbayevThis paper examines the relationship between corruption and economic growth in developing countries. While traditional growth models, such as the Solow model and later extensions that include human capital, emphasize productivity, education, and investment, they often overlook the influence of cultural values on economic development. The study argues that corruption is not merely an economic or institutional issue, but one rooted in cultural and social norms. Building on work by Hall and Jones, the research proposes that differences in growth outcomes are linked to variations in social infrastructure, which is shaped by cultural factors including religion, language, and ethnic composition. Using ethnolinguistic fractionalization indices as instrumental variables, the study seeks to identify how culture affects government policy quality and corruption levels, which in turn impact productivity and output per capita. The paper concludes that combating corruption requires not only institutional reforms but also long-term cultural change.Item Open Access Informational System Audit Process(Suleyman Demirel University, 2007) A. KhodarinaThis article discusses the importance of a risk-based Information System (IS) audit process in modern organizations. Since information systems support and drive key business operations, their reliability, confidentiality, integrity, and availability are essential for effective corporate governance. The IS audit process aims to evaluate existing systems, identify risks, assess controls, and ensure alignment between business goals and technological infrastructure. The article emphasizes that an IS audit follows a structured lifecycle similar to the System Development Life Cycle (SDLC), which includes feasibility study, planning, design, implementation, testing, and final reporting. In the initial phase, auditors develop an understanding of the business environment and define audit scope and objectives. Planning involves organizing the audit team, scheduling tasks, and determining resources. The design phase consists of creating an audit program based on identified risks and internal controls. Ultimately, a well-conducted IS audit strengthens organizational performance and mitigates security threats.Item Open Access The Rise of International Marketing(Suleyman Demirel University, 2007) Gokhan KarahanThis paper discusses the growing importance and influence of international marketing in the modern globalized world. Using everyday examples, it illustrates how consumers unknowingly engage with international markets through products and services originating from various countries. The study defines international marketing as the process of identifying and satisfying customer needs across national borders, distinguishing it from simple export activities. It highlights the significance of cultural awareness in marketing, supported by examples of cross-cultural blunders made by global companies. Furthermore, the paper explores how the Internet has empowered small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and individuals to engage in international marketing, creating equal opportunities for competition regardless of company size. It also examines the re-emergence of China and India as major players in the global economy, with increasing capabilities in branding and market expansion. The paper concludes that effective international marketing requires cultural sensitivity, strategic planning, and the ability to adapt to technological advancements and global competition.Item Open Access A Method of Computer-Based Chemistry Instruction: Construction of Concept Maps(Suleyman Demirel University, 2007) Satılmış YılmazThis study discusses the use of computer-based concept map construction as an instructional method in chemistry education. Concepts in chemistry are often abstract and difficult for students to understand through traditional teaching methods. Concept maps provide a visual and organized way to represent relationships between ideas, helping learners develop meaningful understanding. When supported by computer technologies, concept map construction becomes more interactive, motivating, and cooperative. Students actively search for key concepts, create meaningful connections, and organize information visually. This approach aligns with student-centered learning, encouraging research, discussion, and collaboration. Computer-assisted concept mapping also improves communication between students and teachers and can be used for review, assessment, and practice. The method strengthens research skills, critical thinking, and creativity. Therefore, integrating computers into chemistry lessons through concept map construction can support deeper conceptual understanding and enhance overall learning outcomes in secondary-school chemistry education.Item Open Access Bluetooth Scatternet Formation Algorithms(Suleyman Demirel University, 2007) Sain SaginbekovBluetooth is a short-range, low-power wireless communication technology used to connect personal and industrial devices. A basic Bluetooth network, called a piconet, can include one master device and up to seven slaves. When the number of Bluetooth devices becomes larger, multiple piconets can be linked together to form a scatternet, where some devices act as bridges between piconets. However, the official Bluetooth standard does not specify how scatternets should be formed. As a result, scatternet formation remains an open research problem. Many algorithms have been proposed to construct scatternets, each focusing on different goals such as reducing delay, improving data throughput, or saving energy. This paper reviews several well-known scatternet formation algorithms, including tree-based, ring-based, and clustering approaches. The study highlights key design differences and discusses how devices are assigned master or slave roles, how bridges are selected, and how multiple piconets are connected into a larger network.Item Open Access Review of Eurasia Foundation Grants in Microfinance(Suleyman Demirel University, 2007) Dr. V.M. AukenThis paper presents an evaluation of the Eurasia Foundation’s microfinance programs implemented in Kazakhstan and the Kyrgyz Republic through its Almaty Regional Office. The initiatives supported several rural credit organizations, including community loan funds and farmer assistance programs, with a focus on promoting small enterprise development and women’s entrepreneurship. Microloans were primarily issued to self-selected groups of three to seven members, fostering collective responsibility and ensuring high repayment rates averaging 95%. The average interest rate of 32% per annum reflected the developing financial environment of the region. Training in marketing, management, accounting, and microcredit operations equipped borrowers with essential business skills. In Talas oblast, Kyrgyz Republic, the introduction of microfinance led to a substantial increase in cultivated land, with only 1% remaining unused by 2000. The review concludes that these initiatives effectively promoted rural economic growth, enhanced credit discipline, and contributed to sustainable community development.Item Open Access A Short Look at Theories on International Economics, and Growth Scenario for Kazakhstan under Modern Theories(Süleyman Demirel University, 2007) Nurettin Can'This paper explores the evolution of international economic thought and applies it to Kazakhstan’s transition from a socialist to a market-based economy. It begins by outlining the two main branches of international economics—international trade theory and international finance—and explains their relevance to global economic relations. The study then examines how international economic relations were organized under socialism, emphasizing the role of central planning, state monopolies in trade, and the use of the material balance method. The inefficiencies of the socialist system, including non-convertible currencies, distorted prices, and limited trade integration, are analyzed as key barriers to international economic participation. In contrast, classical and modern market-based trade theories—such as those of Smith, Ricardo, and Heckscher-Ohlin—are reviewed to highlight the principles of comparative advantage and factor endowment. These theoretical perspectives are used to frame Kazakhstan’s economic transformation and its integration into the global market. The article concludes that Kazakhstan’s sustainable growth depends on aligning its economic structure with modern trade dynamics and strengthening its institutional and market mechanisms.Item Open Access Supply Chain Management: Multi-Echelon Inventory Optimization(Suleyman Demirel University, 2007) Bahitcan Eshenkulov; Tolkynbek NurgaliyevEffective management of inventory is essential for ensuring smooth operations in manufacturing, distribution, and retail enterprises. Multi-echelon supply chains, which include several interconnected storage and distribution stages such as regional distribution centers and local warehouses, require more complex coordination than single-echelon systems. Traditional approaches often treat each level independently, resulting in excess safety stocks, unreliable demand forecasting, and inconsistent service levels. These issues contribute to the bullwhip effect, where slight changes in customer demand lead to amplified variations across the supply chain. A true multi-echelon inventory optimization approach integrates the management of all echelons simultaneously. It focuses on minimizing total inventory while ensuring target service levels, improving visibility across the demand chain, accounting for lead time variability, and synchronizing replenishment decisions. By adopting such a coordinated strategy, enterprises can achieve reduced working capital, improved customer satisfaction, and better supplier performance across the entire network.Item Open Access Quasi-Associative Algebras(Suleyman Demirel University, 2007) Askar DzhumadildaevThis paper investigates a class of algebras obtained from associative algebras by introducing a q-commutator defined as a * b = ab + qba, where q belongs to a field K with characteristic not equal to 2 or 3, and q² is not equal to 0 or 1. Using this commutator, we construct algebras that form a variety characterized by a q-associativity identity. When the parameter satisfies q² − 4q + 1 ≠ 0, this identity alone describes the entire variety of q-associative algebras. However, when q² − 4q + 1 = 0, the q-associativity identity must be supplemented by the Lie-admissibility identity. In this exceptional case, the resulting variety is equivalent to the class of alternative algebras. Therefore, q-associative algebras form a structural link between associative, Lie-admissible, and alternative algebras, demonstrating how small changes in the commutator parameter q can transform fundamental algebraic properties.Item Open Access Macroeconomic Effects of Capital Flows: Kazakhstan Case(Suleyman Demirel University, 2007) Mesut YılmazThis article examines the macroeconomic effects of capital flows, with a particular focus on Kazakhstan. The study first explains different definitions of capital flows as movements of international funds across borders, including foreign direct investment and short-term capital. It highlights that opening the capital account requires certain economic preconditions, such as stable inflation, disciplined fiscal policy, and strong financial institutions. The article reviews theoretical perspectives on how capital inflows affect key macroeconomic variables, including inflation, investment, exchange rates, and the current account balance. Depending on the exchange rate regime, capital inflows may lead to real exchange rate appreciation and expansion in domestic demand. The paper also discusses the policy dilemma known as the “impossible trinity,” where a country cannot maintain free capital movement, fixed exchange rates, and an independent monetary policy simultaneously. Using data from Kazakhstan, the article shows that foreign direct investment has played a significant role in supporting economic growth and external stability.