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Item Open Access Macroeconomic Effects of Capital Flows: Kazakhstan Case(Suleyman Demirel University, 2007) Mesut YılmazThis article examines the macroeconomic effects of capital flows, with a particular focus on Kazakhstan. The study first explains different definitions of capital flows as movements of international funds across borders, including foreign direct investment and short-term capital. It highlights that opening the capital account requires certain economic preconditions, such as stable inflation, disciplined fiscal policy, and strong financial institutions. The article reviews theoretical perspectives on how capital inflows affect key macroeconomic variables, including inflation, investment, exchange rates, and the current account balance. Depending on the exchange rate regime, capital inflows may lead to real exchange rate appreciation and expansion in domestic demand. The paper also discusses the policy dilemma known as the “impossible trinity,” where a country cannot maintain free capital movement, fixed exchange rates, and an independent monetary policy simultaneously. Using data from Kazakhstan, the article shows that foreign direct investment has played a significant role in supporting economic growth and external stability.Item Open Access COVID-19 IMPACTS ON ENPLOYMENT RATE IN HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY(СДУ хабаршысы - 2021, 2021) Sarybayeva K.Abstract. The intention of the article is to present a general review of the extent to which pandemic and confinement endeavours to halt the virus spread have affected the world of work, international economic domains, as well as businesses involving hospitality and tourism sectors. The focus is particularly placed on several countries, namely, Spain, Germany, the USA, and Kazakhstan. In practical application, the article can be beneficial for practitioners as it presents global experiences and feasible strategies to cope with future unforeseen circumstances such as pandemic threat.