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    Oil and Gas Industry in Kazakhstan
    (Suleyman Demirel University, 2007) Bimagambetova Bibigul
    The oil and gas industry plays a central role in the economy of Kazakhstan, accounting for the majority of national exports, foreign investments, and government revenues. With over 200 oil and gas fields, Kazakhstan ranks among the world’s major energy producers. The country’s key fields—Tengiz, Karachaganak, and Kashagan—contain vast proven reserves and form the foundation of Kazakhstan’s industrial growth and international partnerships. Foreign investments from companies such as Chevron, British Gas, and Lukoil have accelerated technological and infrastructural development in the sector. The government’s long-term strategy, “Kazakhstan 2030,” prioritizes the efficient and sustainable development of hydrocarbon resources to strengthen national economic stability. However, the industry still faces challenges such as high dependency on oil exports, environmental concerns, and bureaucratic inefficiencies. This paper explores the structure, production trends, export routes, and future prospects of the oil and gas industry in Kazakhstan, emphasizing its critical role in shaping the nation’s economic trajectory.
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    Mortgage Market of Kazakhstan
    (Suleyman Demirel University, 2007) Almukhamedova Dilyara
    The mortgage market in Kazakhstan has been developing dynamically since the late 1990s, reflecting both growing public demand for housing and the banking sector’s increasing focus on retail lending. This paper analyzes the evolution of the Kazakhstani mortgage market, examining the structure of interest rates, regional distribution of mortgage loans, and challenges related to inflation and credit risks. Despite declining interest rates compared to earlier years, mortgage loans in Kazakhstan remain significantly more expensive than in European countries, primarily due to inflationary pressures and lower living standards that increase lending risks. The study also explores the role of the Kazakhstan Mortgage Company (KMC) in refinancing housing loans and stabilizing the market. Although the sector faces issues such as overdue loans and high insurance costs, government measures aimed at improving the financial system and controlling inflation provide an optimistic outlook for the sustainable development of the mortgage market in Kazakhstan.