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    ItemOpen Access
    Sanction Busting Within and Outside Regional Integration
    (Journal of Economic Integration, 2024) Issabayev M.; Moldashev K.
    The trade balance of Russia with its top 20 trade partners has increased over the last few years till 2022 with few exceptions such as the United States and the United Kingdom. Even the Russian trade deficit with Germany till 2021 has turned to trade surplus in 2022. However, as a result of the strict sanctions imposed on certain trade products by European Union (EU) nations and the US, the total import values of Russia declined from $266 billion in 2021 to $199 billion in 2022. To explain if third countries, including Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) nations, aid Russia by means of sanctions-busting, we offer several empirical tests. In this paper, we use annual cross-sectional data for 22,648 products exported to Russia along with tariff rates imposed on them in 2022. We first notice that even though the number of sanctioned exports is three times lower than that of non-sanctioned exports, the total import value from sanctioned exports is predicted to be larger than that from non-sanctioned exports on average by 0.36 percentage point. Second, the Russian import values from both EU and Rest of the World (ROW) exports are significantly greater than those from EAEU nations. Last but not least, EAEU nations, which are Russia's partners within the union, and EU nations, are more susceptible to activities such as sanction-busting compared to other third countries.
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    ItemOpen Access
    INFLUENCE OF NON-TARIFF BARRIERS ON TRADE AMONG MEMBERS OF THE EURASIAN ECONOMIC UNION: LITERATURE REVIEW
    (Suleyman Demirel University, 2017) P.V. Bezel
    Today, in the multilateral trading system, non-tariff barriers have significant share of all trade restrictions. One of the reasons for this is the results of the negotiations on trade liberalization between neighbor countries. Also decrease in customs tariffs is one of policy supported by WTO. At present non-tariff barriers remain one of the few ways to protect the domestic market, but not all of them de jure and de facto comply with the rules established by all unions such as WTO and Eurasian Economic Union. The use of non-tariff barriers is becoming an increasingly urgent issue on the agenda of many meetings within integrated associations. To ensure more productive work to eliminate such barriers within the Eurasian Economic Union members should expand the relevant powers of the Union authorities.