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Item Open Access PROGRESS TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE FOR TOURISM AND ECONOMIC GROWTH(The Kazakh National University Named After Al -Farabi and Suleyman Demirel University, 2008) Oskenbayev YessengaliSince the late 1980s, sustainable developmen bas become a buzzword in development studies in general and in tourism research in particular. However, a literature review led the author of this paper to the belief that the "muddy pool" (Harrison, 1996) of debate on sustainable tourism is patchy, disjointed and at times flawed. Indeed, "little appears to have been written, in depth, on the meaning and implications of sustainable tourism development" (Hunter&Green, 1995:69).Most research had advanced little beyond the stage of formulating and discussing various principles and assumptions' (Komilis, 1994:65); while the case studies which explore the ways of applying sustainable principles to practice, often through small eco- or alternative tourism projects, provide at best a micro solution to what is essentially a macro problem (Wheeller, 1991: 93).Item Open Access Trade Regulations and Policies in Kazakhstan(Suleyman Demirel University, 2009) Imenova RainaThis article analyzes the trade regulations and policies of Kazakhstan, highlighting their impact on the country’s economic growth and integration into global markets. Trade plays a crucial role in expanding product diversity, enhancing competitiveness, and stimulating investment and employment. Between 2000 and 2006, Kazakhstan experienced high economic growth, supported by favorable foreign trade conditions and rising export revenues, particularly from hydrocarbons and metals. The study examines Kazakhstan’s trade policy, including liberalization measures, participation in the Eurasian Economic Community, and the establishment of free trade areas. It also addresses trade barriers, such as tariffs, non-tariff measures, technical regulations, and discriminatory taxes, which affect imports and create challenges for foreign partners like China. Furthermore, the article evaluates the impact of customs procedures, sanitary standards, and government procurement practices on trade efficiency. Overall, Kazakhstan’s trade policies reflect efforts to balance economic growth, structural reforms, and integration into the global economy.Item Open Access TRADE REGULATIONS AND POLICIES IN KAZAKHSTAN(The Kazakh National University Named After Al -Farabi and Suleyman Demirel University, 2008) Imenova RainaSuccessful foreign trade is an important factor which has determined the economic growth over the last years. Favorable market environment, specifically high world prices for Kazakhstan's major export goods such as hydrocarbons, ferrous and non-ferrous metals led to increased volume of exports and, even to a greater extent, of export revenues making a substantial contribution to economic growth. Until now (at the moment economic achievements of Russia are becoming more and more evident) Kazakhstan used to be an indisputable leader among the former Soviet Republics in many aspects of economic system reform and macroeconomic parameters of development achieved as a result of this reform. However, economic growth is not an end in itself and the state should not aim to achieve it at any price. While developing an adequate policy of economic growth one must take into account a number of important factors.Item Open Access A Short Look at Theories on International Economics, and Growth Scenario for Kazakhstan under Modern Theories(Süleyman Demirel University, 2007) Nurettin Can'This paper explores the evolution of international economic thought and applies it to Kazakhstan’s transition from a socialist to a market-based economy. It begins by outlining the two main branches of international economics—international trade theory and international finance—and explains their relevance to global economic relations. The study then examines how international economic relations were organized under socialism, emphasizing the role of central planning, state monopolies in trade, and the use of the material balance method. The inefficiencies of the socialist system, including non-convertible currencies, distorted prices, and limited trade integration, are analyzed as key barriers to international economic participation. In contrast, classical and modern market-based trade theories—such as those of Smith, Ricardo, and Heckscher-Ohlin—are reviewed to highlight the principles of comparative advantage and factor endowment. These theoretical perspectives are used to frame Kazakhstan’s economic transformation and its integration into the global market. The article concludes that Kazakhstan’s sustainable growth depends on aligning its economic structure with modern trade dynamics and strengthening its institutional and market mechanisms.Item Open Access What Forces Drive the Real Estate Market of Kazakhstan?(Suleyman Demirel University, 2008) Maxim KononovThis paper analyzes the key economic and structural forces shaping the real estate market of Kazakhstan, with a particular focus on Almaty. Over the last decade, rapid GDP growth, rising oil revenues, foreign capital inflows, and the expansion of mortgage lending have significantly stimulated demand for housing. At the same time, speculative activity and the absence of strict regulatory mechanisms contributed to sharp price increases, especially during the 2004–2007 boom. The study evaluates both demand-side factors—economic growth, demographics, household income, banking sector activity, investment motives, and fiscal policy—and supply-side factors such as construction costs, government regulations, and expected returns. Using regression analysis, the research identifies the relative impact of these variables on price formation. Findings show that mortgage lending, bank investment, and income levels are among the strongest drivers of housing prices in Almaty.