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Item Open Access THE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION ON TRANSITIONAL ECONOMIES AND THE ACTIONS ADOPTED TO MEET THE CHALLENGE OF ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION, THE CASE OF KAZAKHSTAN(The Kazakh National University Named After Al -Farabi and Suleyman Demirel University, 2008) Dakpirtova DinaraOver the past two decades, the world economy has become increasingly integrated as flows of goods, labor, and capital across countries have expanded rapidly. The developed, the developing or even the transitional countries are all drifting with this trend unexceptionally. Although there is a general belief that globalization has important long-term benefits through its impacts on growth and productivity, it is not practically as global as it may look; some countries are more globalized than others. Such tendencies indicate that within the time span of a single generation, the economies that take more active part in globalization managed to double their real income per head.Item Open Access Remarks on weak o-minimality(Suleyman Demirel University, 2008) Kudaibergenov K. Zh.This paper investigates several necessary and sufficient conditions for weak o-minimality in expansions of linearly ordered structures. Building on earlier results, we provide a simplified proof of the main theorem of Kulpeshov, which characterizes weak o-minimality in terms of convexity of realizations of types. Additionally, two further equivalent conditions for weak o-minimality are established, involving types containing cuts and convexity properties of definable sets. A new, more conceptual proof of Pillay and Steinhorn’s characterization of full o-minimality is also presented. Furthermore, we examine weakly o-minimal ordered rings and show that every weakly o-minimal Archimedean ordered ring is necessarily a real closed field. This result follows from structural properties of definable subgroups in weakly o-minimal groups and known criteria for ordered fields. Overall, the paper clarifies foundational connections between weak o-minimality, type spaces, and definable order structures.Item Open Access Intertextual Effect and Transformation in Bernard Shaw's Pygmalion(Suleyman Demirel University, 2009) Haldun VuralThis article examines intertextuality and transformation in Bernard Shaw's play Pygmalion (1913) through the lens of classical influences, particularly Ovid's Pygmalion from Metamorphoses. Drawing on Julia Kristeva's theory of intertextuality and Bakhtin’s dialogism, the study emphasizes how Shaw reinterprets prior literary texts to address contemporary Victorian social issues. The play demonstrates transformation both in its narrative structure and in character development, exemplified by Eliza Doolittle's social ascent and Professor Higgins' rigid manners. Shaw adapts mythological and classical elements to critique societal norms, gender hierarchies, and class disparities. Intertextual analysis reveals how Shaw converts the myth of a sculptor enamored with his creation into a social commentary on education, autonomy, and moral growth, transforming both plot and thematic focus. Ultimately, Shaw’s Pygmalion illustrates the dynamic interplay of texts, highlighting the role of adaptation and intertextual influence in creating enduring literary works.Item Open Access What Does Dollar Mean?(Suleyman Demirel University, 2007) Meiramgul SarsenbayThis paper explores the historical origins, linguistic evolution, and symbolic meanings of the word “dollar” and the dollar sign ($). Money, as one of humanity’s oldest social inventions, did not appear in a single time or place but evolved over centuries across various cultures. The study traces the etymological connections between the American “dollar,” the German “Thaler,” and the ancient Turkic word dala meaning “steppe,” demonstrating how linguistic and cultural influences traveled through Europe to the New World and eventually returned to Eurasia. Furthermore, the research discusses several theories regarding the origin of the dollar sign, including the United States abbreviation theory, the Spanish peso and “piece of eight” theories, and the less common slavery theory. The paper also provides a symbolic interpretation of the U.S. one-dollar bill, revealing how design elements such as the Great Seal and Latin inscriptions reflect the ideals and values of the American nation. Overall, this study emphasizes that currency is not merely an economic instrument but also a cultural and historical symbol reflecting human civilization’s shared heritage.Item Open Access Knowledge-Based Economy: Case of Kazakhstan(Suleyman Demirel University, 2008) Vaishali S. SapleMost advanced economies have undergone significant structural changes in recent years. One of the key characteristics of the changes is the growing importance of knowledge in all sectors of economic activities. These economies have developed from an agricultural economy in which land is the key resource, then to an industrial economy in which natural resources and labour are the main resources, and now to a knowledge-based economy in which knowledge is the key resource. The term knowledge-based economy results from a fuller recognition of the role of knowledge and technology in economic growth. Knowledge, as embodied in human being (as human capital) and in technology, has always been central to economic development. This paper has two objectives first to understand what knowledge economy is? And then to uses some parameters like: Innovation System, Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Human Resources Development and Business Environment to measure the degree to which Kazakhstan is knowledge based economy.Item Open Access Basic Java: Selected topics(Almaty, Suleyman demirel university - 2000, 2000) Hajilarov E.K.Abstract. "Basic Java Programming" is an introductory course that provides beginners with a foundational understanding of Java, a versatile and widely-used programming language. This course covers the fundamental elements of Java, including variables, data types, control structures, and basic functions. Through a combination of theoretical lessons and hands-on coding exercises, students will become proficient in Java syntax and basic programming concepts.The course also introduces the principles of object-oriented programming (OOP) and guides students in creating Java classes and objects. Students will learn to design simple Java applications, fostering problem-solving skills and modularity. "Basic Java Programming" is an excellent starting point for those looking to learn the fundamentals of programming and pave the way for further Java exploration.Item Open Access The Reflections of Victorian Culture and Victorian Gender Roles on Elizabeth Gaskell's Cranford(Suleyman Demirel University, 2009) Fatma KalpaklıThis article explores Victorian culture and gender roles through Elizabeth Gaskell's novel Cranford (1851). Victorian society was patriarchal, emphasizing male superiority, obedience, and strict gender divisions. Women were largely confined to domestic duties, denied proper education, and excluded from professions such as law and medicine. In contrast, Cranford presents a unique social microcosm dominated by independent women, who manage finances, run businesses, and engage in intellectual discussions, thus embodying masculine traits within a female-centered society. Gaskell also depicts harmonious and flexible gender relations in marriage, suggesting an androgynous model where both men and women share responsibilities and adapt to changing circumstances. Furthermore, the novel highlights Victorian women’s fears and social conditioning while illustrating their resilience and moral strength. Through Cranford, Gaskell critiques rigid Victorian gender norms and promotes greater equality, adaptability, and mutual respect between men and women.Item Open Access The Exchange and the Interest Rates(Suleyman Demirel University, 2007) Aina ShitkanovaThis project explores the relationship between interest and exchange rates in an open economy, with a specific focus on Kazakhstan. It examines the mechanisms through which interest rates influence exchange rate movements and vice versa, analyzing how these interactions impact the country's economic situation. The study also addresses key questions such as why the Kazakhstani tenge is appreciating and why national interest rates remain high. By applying theoretical models like the IS-LM framework for open economies, the project investigates the effects of fiscal expansion and monetary contraction on output, interest rates, and currency value. In conclusion, the paper provides insights and predictions about Kazakhstan’s future monetary trends, suggesting a continued appreciation of the tenge and a gradual rise in interest rates.Item Open Access Expectations and Their Role in the Economy(Suleyman Demirel University, 2007) Chagirov DaurenExpectations play a fundamental role in shaping economic behavior and outcomes. Since individuals and businesses cannot predict the future with certainty, they form expectations regarding future prices, income, investment returns, and government policies. These expectations influence consumption, saving, investment, and policy effectiveness. The paper explores the economic significance of expectations through three main dimensions: consumption and expectations, investment and expectations, and the role of expectations in public policy. Theories by Milton Friedman and Franco Modigliani are discussed, emphasizing the permanent income and life-cycle hypotheses, as well as the concept of rational expectations introduced by John F. Muth. The analysis shows that economic outcomes often depend on how individuals and firms interpret and react to information about the future, highlighting that accurate and stable expectations are crucial for achieving sustainable growth and effective macroeconomic policy.Item Open Access Corruption and Economic Growth in Developing Countries(Suleyman Demirel University, 2007) Yessengali OskenbayevThis paper examines the relationship between corruption and economic growth in developing countries. While traditional growth models, such as the Solow model and later extensions that include human capital, emphasize productivity, education, and investment, they often overlook the influence of cultural values on economic development. The study argues that corruption is not merely an economic or institutional issue, but one rooted in cultural and social norms. Building on work by Hall and Jones, the research proposes that differences in growth outcomes are linked to variations in social infrastructure, which is shaped by cultural factors including religion, language, and ethnic composition. Using ethnolinguistic fractionalization indices as instrumental variables, the study seeks to identify how culture affects government policy quality and corruption levels, which in turn impact productivity and output per capita. The paper concludes that combating corruption requires not only institutional reforms but also long-term cultural change.